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   Evolution

   In biology, evolution is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations. ... In this sense, microevolution and macroevolution might involve selection at different levels – with microevolution acting on genes and organisms, versus macroevolutionary processes such as species selection acting on entire species and affecting their rates of speciation and extinction.
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   Natural selection

   It is a key mechanism of evolution. ... Most commonly, intrasexual selection involves male–male competition and intersexual selection involves female choice of suitable males, due to the generally greater investment of resources for a female than a male in a single offspring.
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   Introduction to evolution

   Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. The biodiversity of life evolves by means of natural selection and random genetic drift.
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   Directed evolution

   Directed evolution is a method used in protein engineering to harness the power of natural selection to evolve proteins or RNA with desirable properties not found in nature. A typical directed evolution experiment involves three steps:
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   Objections to evolution

   Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. ... Although the process involves some random elements, it is the non-random selection of survival-enhancing genes that drives evolution along an ordered trajectory.
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   Attachment theory

   Human evolution has involved selection for social behaviours that make individual or group survival more likely. ... The preschool period involves the use of negotiation and bargaining.
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   Experimental evolution

   In 1993, Theodore Garland, Jr. and colleagues started a long-term experiment that involves selective breeding for high voluntary activity levels on running wheels. ... Experimental evolution: concepts, methods, and applications of selection experiments.
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   Neutral theory of molecular evolution

   The neutral theory of molecular evolution was introduced by Motoo Kimura in the late 1960s and early 1970s. ... Provine W.B. Rise of the null selection hypothesis.
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   James Mark Baldwin

   He made important contributions to early psychology, psychiatry, and to the theory of evolution. ... As did Henry Fairfield Osborn (1896/A mode of evolution requiring neither natural selection nor the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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    Meme

    A meme (pronounced /ˈmiːm/, rhyming with "cream") is a postulated unit of cultural ideas, symbols or practices, which can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals or other imitable phenomena.... ... ... to the study of the evolution of memes in genetic terms ... to the existence of memes) involves a perceived lacuna in the... analogy: the cumulative evolution of genes depends on biological selection-pressures neither too great...

Explore the following pages on Powerset:

• Evolution,
• Natural selection,
• Introduction to evolution,
• Directed evolution,
• Objections to evolution,
• Attachment theory,
• Experimental evolution,
• Neutral theory of molecular evolution,
• James Mark Baldwin,
• Meme

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